Index [This Index comes from the 1979 edition (the 1971 book did not have one). In lieu of linking each Index page number, the 2nd edition's ToC page numbers are included to facilitate cross-referencing. Although not re-printed in the 1979 edition, Appendices II-IV have important historical value in terms of holding people accountable by name. --ratitor] Foreward to the 1979 Printing vii Foreword, by Mike Gravel, U.S. Senator from Alaska xxv Introduction: The Nuclear Juggernaut 1 1 Nuclear Reactors to Generate Electricity 18 2 How Radiation from Atomic Energy Programs Gets to You--What it Does to You 28 3 How Radiation Produces Disease and Hereditary Alterations 45 4 Is Any Radiation "Safe"? 73 5 Promises, Promises 107 6 How Safe Are Nuclear Reactors? 131 7 Nuclear Electricity and The Citizen's Rights 153 8 The Nuclear Legacy--Radioactive Wastes and Plutonium 171 9 Alternatives Available to Us 186 10 What Can Citizens Do About Nuclear Electricity? 211 11 Must We Hold Out for The "Cold Corpses"? 227 12 Toward An Adversary System of Scientific Inquiry 249 13 The Ultimate Issue--Conversion or Ecocide 257 Appendix I: Nuclear Power Questions and Answers 272 Appendix II: Moratorium Activists Appendix III: Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Appendix IV: Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards Appendix V: When Experts Disagree, Which Ones Shall We Believe? 319 Appendix VI: Nuclear Power and Alternatives 326 Appendix VII: Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors in the United States 339 A Abelson. Philip H., 196, 205 Abrahamson, Dean, 198 Accidents, in reactors, 21, 25-26, 143-52 Ackerman, Adolph, 143-44 Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, 1 Age, radiation sensitivity and, 39-41 Alpha particles, 29, 41-43, 46 Aluminum industry electricity use of, 198 recycling by, 199-200 Animals, radiation in, 120-22 Atherosclerosis, as hereditary disease, 69-70 Atomic Energy Commission on alpha particles, 42 creation of, 107-8 Licensing Boards, 9, 214 members of, 11 on pollution levels, 91-92, 115, 118 responsibility of, 76 studies commissioned by, 6, 77 B Bagge, Carl E., 191-93, 202-4 Beta rays, 33, 45-46 Blood cancer. See Leukemia Bombs, 181-85 Bomb tests, radiation from, 111 Bond, Victor, 126-27 Brain cancer, 56 Breast cancer, 56 Breeder reactors, 23-26 accidents in, 147-52 Brown, Howard, 166-68 By-products, of fission, 108-9, 110 C Cancer, 39, 49-50 alpha particles and, 42 cell mutation and, 55-60 deaths in U.S., 94, 115 of fetus, 39-40 latency period of, 49, 95-96 at legal dosage levels, 79, 228, 273 Centromere, of chromosome, 52 Cesium-137, 35, 110-11 in contaminated fish, 36, 121 -22 in milk, 121 Chemical groups, 35-36 Children, radiation sensitivity of, 40 Chromosomes, 51-55, 56-58 Citizen groups, 9, 211-26 Q&A's for, 272-3 18, 327-38 Conflict-of-interest of public officials, 239-40 of AEC, 107-8, 262 Control rods, in reactor, 22 Core, of reactor, 20-22 Costs, of nuclear electricity, 19 Critical mass, of reactor core, 22 Cystic fibrosis, as hereditary disease, 68 D Deaths, from cancer, 94 per legal dosage levels, 115, 242-44 Diabetes mellitus, as hereditary disease, 69 DNA, role in body, 52 Draeger, Frederick, 86 E Economics, 258-63 radiation pollution and, 59-60 Egeberg, Roger, 87-88 Electricity, use of, in U.S., 154, 190 Embryo. See Fetus Emissions. See Pollution; Standards Energy, from nuclear reactors, 28-29 Energy efficiency, importance of, 206-10 Epler, E.P., 149 Explosion, of reactor, 21, 25-26, 152 F Federal Power Commission, 191 Federal Radiation Council, 78, 85-90 Fermi nuclear plant, 1-2, 152 Fetus, radiation sensitivity of, 39-40, 93, 117 Fish, contamination of, 36 Fission, description of, 20 Fission fragments, 29-30 Food chain, radiation concentrated in, 120-22 Fossil fuels, burning of, 18, 202-4, 299-300 Fuel rods, 141 G Galactosernia, as hereditary disease, 68 Gamma rays, 31, 33, 46 Geesaman, Donald, 179 Genes, role in body, 52 Genetic injury, 38, 51-71 at legal dosage limits, 228 Geothermal energy, 206 H Half-life, 29, 109 of Cs-137, 37 importance of, 36-38 of Pu-239, 43, 178 of Sr-90, 36 of U-235, 29 Hearings, public, 213-14 in Pennsylvania, 217 Heart disease, as hereditary disease, 69-70 Hemophilia, as hereditary disease, 68 Hendrie, Joseph, 146, 148 Hereditary disease, 68-70 Hiroshima, 40, 50, 236 Holifield, Chet, 11, 81-84, 128-29 Hosmer, Craig, 133, 183-84 Hot particles, 42-43 I Indian Point reactor, 150 Insurance industry, 13-14 nuclear exclusion by, 157-59 International Commission on Radiological Protection, 234-35 Iodine, 34 Iodine-131, 31, 34 Ionizing radiation, description of, 45-46 J Johnson, Wilfrid, 139-40 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 11, 81,89-90 Jordan, Walter, 143, 245-46 L LaCrosse reactor, 150 Latency period. 49, 95-96 Lederberg, Joshua, 58, 67, 101, 116 Leukemia, 56, 236-37 fetus and, 39-40 latency period of, 49, 50, 96 Licensing Boards, of AEC, 9, 214 Lilienthal, David, 26 Lithium, 35 Lung cancer, 42 plutonium and, 179 Lymph cancer, 39 M Maximum Permissible Concentrations, of radiation, 120-22 Millirad, 44 Minnesota, emission standards of, 133 Moratorium, on new plants, 211-26 Mutation deletion, 55 point, 52 rate of, 101-3 N National Committee on Radiation Protection, 99-104 passim Nine-Mile Point reactor, 150 Novick, Sheldon, 151-52 Nuclear power, costs of, 19 Nuclides. See also Radionuclides definition of, 30 O Oak Ridge Research Reactor, 149 Ova. See Reproductive organs Oyster Creek reactor, 150 P Pauling, Linus, 79, 115, 244 Phenylketonuria, as hereditary disease, 68 Plants, radiation concentrated in, 120-22 Plutonium-239, 24-25, 42-43, 178-81 half-life of, 43, 178 use in bombs, 181-85 Point mutation. See Mutation Pollution, radiation, 59-60 safety of, 73-105 standards for. See Standards Potassium, 35-36 Pregnancy, radiation exposure during, 41. See also Fetus Price-Anderson Act, 14, 159-62, 296-98. See also Insurance industry R Rad, 32 Radiation concentrated in food chain, 210-21 concentrated in organs, 34-35 effect on tissue, 31-43, 45-49 external vs. internal, 32-34 genetic injuries from, 51 -71 half-life of, 29, 36-38 ionizing, 45-46 legal dosage limit, 78, 85, 272 natural, 60-62, 277-81 Radionuclides, 30-31 inhalation of, 42 Reactors, 18-27 accidents, in, 21, 25-26, 143-52 breeder, 23-26, 147-52 designs of, 19-20 safety of, 131-52, 292-95 water-moderated, 20-22, 24, 141, 146-47 Referendum, voter, 217-18 Rem, 44 Reprocessing, of fuel, 110, 172-74 Reproductive organs, 38, 56-57 Rex, Robert, 206 Rheumatoid arthritis, as hereditary disease, 69 Roentgen, 44 Rubidium, 35 S Safety, of allowable pollution levels, 73-105 Schizophrenia, as hereditary disease, 69 Seaborg, Glenn, 7, 262 Sicklecell anemia, as hereditary disease, 68 Skin cancer, 42 Sodium, 35 use to cool reactor, 25 Solar energy, 205-6, 209 Sperm. See Reproductive organs Sporn, Philip, 186-87 Squires, Arthur M., 204 Standards, of radiation pollution, 59-60, 78, 272-77 of Minnesota, 133 safety of, 73-105 Stearn, energy from, 206 Sterility, 64 Stewart, Alice, 39, 93, 117 Strauss, Lewis, 1 Strontium-90, 110-11 half-life of, 36, 111 Studies inadequacies of, 97-99, 249-56 suppression of, 6-8, 77 Supreme Court, 2 T Tarapur reactor, 150 Tax money, used to promote nuclear electricity, 156 Teller, Edward, 2-3, 145, 151 Temperature, of reactor, 25 Thompson, Theos, 91, 123, 125 Thyroid cancer, 55 latency period of, 49 Thyroid gland, 34 Tin-123, 31 Tissue, effect of radiation on, 31-43, 45-49 Tompkins, Paul, 89-90, 99-100, 125 U United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 66-67, 101 Uranium decay of, 29 fissioning of, 32 mining of, 42 Uranium-235, 23-24 fissioning of, 30 half-life, 29 Uranium-238, 24 Utility companies, 12 W Wastes, 19, 108, 171-85. See also Pollution Water contamination of, 141 use to cool reactor, 20-22, 24 Watson, James D., 117 West Valley reprocessing plant, 172-74 X X-rays, 33, 46 medical, 41, 92