Radiation-Induced Cancer From Low-Dose Exposure John W. Gofman, M.D., Ph.D. 1990. CONTENTS: (Longer chapters begin with their own table of contents.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pagination starts newly with each chapter. Tables and figures are assembled at each chapter's end. Section 1: Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chap- Text- Tables & ter Length Figures Foreword, January, 1990 ............................... 2 0 1 The Five Most Important Conclusions of This Book ...... 5 0 2 The Role of Independent Analyses in Research on Toxic Agents ........................ 2 0 3 The Intended Readership ............................... 3 0 Section 2: The Atomic Bomb Survivors -- A Study and Its Alteration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Overview of a Uniquely Valuable Database .............. 2 1 5 A Growing Problem: Retroactive Alteration of the Study ................ 11 2 6 What Will Happen to the A-Bomb Database? A Pending Proposal ................................. 2 0 Section 3: Preparing the Database for Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Collecting All the Required Data from RERF ............ 2 0 8 Dosimetry: From Bomb, to Kerma, to Internal Organ-Dose ............................ 9 0 9 Converting T65DR Mean Kerma Values to Mean Internal Organ-Doses ...................... 2 4 10 Obtaining Mean DS86 Doses for the T65DR Cohorts ....... 2 6 11 Achievement of Age- and Sex-Matching across the Dose-Groups ............................ 4 8 Section 4: Cancer-Risk and Dose-Response in Both Dosimetries ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 The Focus on Two Central Questions .................... 5 0 13 Analysis and Results by the Cancer Difference Method .. 7 5 14 Shape of the Dose-Response Relationship, and Low-Dose Cancer-Yields Based on the Best-Fit Curve ......... 9 7 15 Radiation Risk by Age and Sex, from the Cancer-Rate Ratio Method ................. 9 13 16 Low-Dose Cancer-Yields by the Cancer-Rate Ratio Method, for A-Bomb Survivors and for the United States .... 5 3 17 The Duration of Radiation's Carcinogenic Effect ....... 9 2 Section 5: Disproof of Any Safe Dose or Dose-Rate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Disproof of Any Safe Dose or Dose-Rate of Ionizing Radiation, with Respect to Induction of Cancer in Humans ..................... 18 0 --- Auxiliary Chapters on the Threshold issue --- ------------------------------------------------- 19 The Special Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Living Tissue ............. 8 0 20 Various Radiation Sources: Primal Electron-Tracks per Nucleus per Rad ............................... 7 8 21 Decisive Epidemiological Evidence from Humans ......... 20 2 Section 6: The Fallacy of Risk-Reduction Factors for Low and Slow Exposures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 The Popularity of Risk-Reduction Factors in the Radiation Community ....................... 25 0 23 Proper Risk-Estimates for "Low and Slow" Exposures: No Conflict between Human Epidemiology and the Linear-Quadratic Hypothesis from Radiobiology .... 15 12 Section 7: Practical Impacts Human Health ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Chernobyl: A Crossroad in the Radiation Health Sciences ................. 20 2 25 Main Text: A Closing Statement ...................... 17 0 Section 8: Supporting Chapters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Master Table and Special RERF Data for the A-Bomb Study ............................. 1 13 27 Significance of Elevated Cancer Death-Rate in Various Dose-Groups, and Confidence-Limits on Cancer-Yields (Cancer Difference Method) ......... 4 2 28 Estimated Spontaneous Cancer-Mortality in the A-Bomb Reference Group, for a Completed Lifespan Follow-Up ............... 2 4 29 Curvilinear Regression and Equations of Best Fit ..... 4 5 30 The Shape of Dose-Response, in Cancers per 10,000 Person-Years ............... 1 7 31 Dose-Increment for Smail Body-Size in Age-Band 0-9 Years ATB ........................ 3 2 32 Calculation of Primay Electrons per Photon, and Their Energies ............................... 3 4 33 Calculation of Range for Each High-Speed Electron .... 10 0 34 Allusions to the Possible Existence of Safe Doses and Dose-Rates ..................... 9 0 35 Hormesis: The Nature of Speculations about Undemonstrated "Beneficial Effects" ........ 21 1 36 Assessing Chernobyl's Cancer Consequences, September 9, 1986 ................................ 33 0 37 Membership on Various Radiation Committees ........... 9 0 References ....................................... 10 0 Index and Glossary ............................... 12 0 SUM ...................................................... 342 113 SOME POSSIBLE CONVENIENCES: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- * - Many terms are defined right in the Index and Glossary. Additional terms are explained in the text, and the explanation will be found via the flagged entry in the Index and Glossay. * - The meaning of an acronym or other abbreviation is given next to its own entry in the Index. * - The equivalence between reds, grays, millisieverts, etc. is shown in a tabulation at the end of the Index. * - The symbols used for exponents (^ or E+), the rounding-off of numbers, and similar matters are explained on page one of the Index.